Trumans Decision to use the atomic mom Essay -- American History, War

Truman’s decision to use atomic weapons has long been a controversial subject throughout the decades after he used it. Many scholars and people who surrounded the president at the time published memoirs and books about the decision to use the weapon. As years went, more works of writing and information were released which added more information to the vast knowledge we have of the decision to drop the bomb and of what the Japanese faced after the event took place. J. Samuel Walker wrote a book called Prompt & utter destruction which uses new knowledge gained about the bomb and new information the Japanese released, which Walker said, â€Å"has greatly enriched our understanding of the agonizing deliberations in Tokyo over ending the war† (ix).Walker did not take any sides in the book, however, he uses what material from the first book and new sources of information to evaluate why President Truman made his decision. The main focus of Walker’s book is to answer w hy President Truman used atomic bombs against Japan and open more discussion to the question â€Å"was the bomb militarily necessary or was it used primarily for political/diplomatic reasons that had more to do with impressing the Soviets than winning the war against Japan?† (xii), which Walker said the question â€Å"divided specialists† (xii). Throughout Walker’s book, he focuses on President Truman’s choice of using the atomic bomb on Japan, Truman’s advisers who were General George C. Marshall and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson agreed that the bomb was necessary. President Truman believed that the bomb was necessary to spare â€Å"the lives of hundreds of thousands of American soldiers† (4). The book points out that Truman never had a â€Å"categorical choice† (5) when choosing to use the... ...e forever by the bomb. On the Japanese side they did decline the Potsdam Declaration. Truman gave the Japanese the choice to accept but the declaration. I admired the United States for giving warning. Walker did give some history of post-WWII, but I am particularly interested in the environmental effect of Hiroshima and how did Japan rebuild after the bomb. I think he lacked in this department when he wrote the book. My final say is the first bomb was necessary and I thought being in American hands was the best thing at the time to have. I think the second bomb was unnecessary and I also blame the Americans for not giving ample of time for the Japanese to surrender. The Japanese did downplay the destruction of the bomb and I think this was a flaw. Lastly I thought the book should have had more on post war and onwards of the effects on both sides.

Osmosis

The purpose of this experiment was to test different solute concentrations on the rate of osmosis. Artificial cells were filled with different solute concentrations and placed in water and weighed at equal time intervals to show how the water moves across cell membranes and down its concentration gradient into the lower concentrated area. The weights of the cells were recorded each interval, and then the rate of osmosis was found by calculating the corrected cumulative change in weight.The prediction made was that the cells with the higher solute concentrations ould have a higher rate of osmosis and the cell filled with water and placed in 40% sucrose solution would have the highest negative weight change. Introduction The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. A selectively permeable membrane allows certain substances to cross it more easily than others (Reece, et al. 2011). Osmosis is an important process to cells because the cells are co ntinuously trying to achieve concentration equilibrium.The tonicity of a solution is the ability to cause a cell to gain or lose water molecules (Reece, et al. 2011). If a cell is in an isotonic solution, the cell does not gain or lose any water molecules, causing the net gain of weight to be zero. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there is a higher solute concentration in the cell, making water molecules move into the cell to help reach equilibrium. This causes the cell to gain weight. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, there is a higher solute concentration outside the cell, making water molecules leave the cell to attain equilibrium. This causes the cell to lose weight.Other factors, like the temperature, the particle size and the concentration gradient affect the rate of osmosis. An increased temperature can increase the rate of osmosis and osmotic pressure (Traxler 1928). Also, the particle size determines what can pass through the selectively permeable me mbrane; the channels imbedded in the membrane can only accommodate certain molecules based on size and function. Finally, the concentration gradient affects the rate of osmosis because the rate depends on how high the concentration of the solute is; the higher the concentration, the faster water moves to that concentrated area.Materials and Methods The materials needed for this experiment are: five strips of Spectra/Por 4 dialysis ubing with a pore size of 4. 8 angstroms, ten clamps, five beakers labeled 1 through 5, a graduated cylinder, and 20%, 40%, and 60% sucrose solutions. The experiment begins by softening up the dialysis tubes by soaking them in a beaker of water. When softened, rub the dialysis tubes between your fingers to reveal the opening and clamp the opposite end. Add 10 mL of the appropriate solution to each bag, squeezing the air out of the tube to make sure there are no air bubbles when clamping the other end of the tube.Three of these bags will be filled with 20%, 40% and 60% sucrose solutions. The other two will contain water. Weigh each bag on a appropriate solution, Just enough to cover the bag; four will have water and the fifth beaker will hold 40% sucrose. The bags containing 20%, 40% and 60% will be placed in water, as well as one bag filled with water; the bag of water in water will act as your control. The other bag of water will be placed in the beaker containing 40% sucrose solution. Place the five bags in their rightful beaker simultaneously and record the time.Every ten minutes the bags should be removed, blotted to get the excess solution off and then weighed. Continue weighing the bags every ten minutes or ninety minutes. To minimize experimental error, the temperature must be the same for all beakers and the bags must be blotted before weighed as much as possible to get the excess solution off. Also, the same amount of solution should be put into each beaker. Results The increase in the rate of osmosis is due to the different concentrations of sucrose, as shown in Figure One.This figure shows the weight change over time for the 20%, 40%, 60% and water in 40% sucrose solution. The results of the total weight change were: 20% sucrose in water= 5. 47 g 40% sucrose in water= 7. 31 g 60% sucrose in water= 7. 8 g Water in 40% sucrose= -4. 08 g The points plotted were used to calculate the rate of osmosis by finding the slope of the best fit line of each test. The results for the rates of osmosis were: 20% sucrose in water= . 0551 g/min 40% sucrose in water= . 0728 g/min 60% sucrose in water= . 0811 g/min water in 40% sucrose= -. 68 g/min The slopes have an increasing pattern as the sucrose concentration goes up. This means that the rate increases as the sucrose concentration increases. The corrected cumulative change in weight relates to the osmotic rate because it is divided by the time. The direction affects the rate because, if the direction of osmosis changes the rate becomes negative. Discussion The resu lts show that the solute concentration of the solution affects the rate of osmosis because the larger the concentration gradient, the faster osmosis occurs.This makes sense because the farther the cell is from osmotic equilibrium, it will gain weight faster (McCutcheon 1926). This supported our prediction. The increase in osmotic rate because of an increase in solute concentration is because water moves from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution with high solute oncentration. This means water rushes into a solute of higher concentration faster than a low concentration. This is why the artificial cell with 60% sucrose solution had the highest corrected cumulative change in weight and the fastest osmotic rate.The artificial cell containing water in 40% sucrose solution had a negative osmotic rate because water was leaving the cell and osmosis was occurring in the opposite direction. In this experiment, only one bag of water was placed in 40% sucrose solution. In other e xperiments, adding two more bags of water and placing them in 0% and 60% sucrose solutions could be tested to see if the rate of osmosis is similar performed to show temperature is a factor in osmotic rates by having the same solute concentration in solutions and placing bags filled with water into them, each having a distinct temperature.References McCutcheon M, Lucke B. â€Å"The Kinetics of Osmotic Swelling in Living Cells†. Laboratory of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. 1926. Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB. Campbell Biology. Ninth ed. Pearson Education, Inc. 2011. Traxler RN. â€Å"The Effect of Temperature on Rate of Osmosis†. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1928. 1 . This graph shows the corrected cumulative change in weight taken every ten minutes to study the rate of osmosis. . The data was collected by measuring the weight of each bag after 10 minutes and finding the difference in weight between the s tart of the experiment and each increment of time. 3. The graph shows that the higher in concentration of sucrose, the faster the rate of osmosis occurs meaning that concentration and rate of osmosis are directly related. Also, this graph displays the opposite happening when water was placed into sucrose, but is still directly related.

Cultural Capital And Happiness Why The Rich Are Happier...

De’Shan Adams Dr. Armstrong 4/18/15 Coming Apart Cultural Capital and Happiness America used to be a place where all classes participated in a traditional common culture of social engagement that valued marriage, industriousness, honesty, and religion. This all changed after the 1960s, the upper class stored these values while the lower class began to relinquish them. The key to happiness is found within these virtues explaining why the rich are happier than the poor by a long shot. In America the rich and the poor live two different lifestyles. Since the 1960s we have developed a new lower class, characterized not by poverty but by withdrawal from America’s core cultural institutions. To help get a clear picture of the lifestyle changes Murray creates two fictional neighborhoods named Belmont and Fishtown. Belmont based on a suburb in Boston and Fishtown based on the north eastern part of Philadelphia. The residents of Belmont are mostly upper middle class with professions such as physicians, attorneys, engineers, scientist, university professors, business executives, and managers of nonprofits and government agencies. They are highly educated with 63% of the adults having a bachelor’s degree and earning a median family income of 124,200 in 2000. The residents of Fishtown are working class with professions such as electricians, plumbers, machinists, assembly-line workers, construction laborers, security guards, and delivering truck drivers. Th e educationalShow MoreRelatedReconstruction : The Burning Years10732 Words   |  43 Pageswhat you must know: Although the Union Army won the combat phase of the Civil War, the war didn’t end in 1865. Rather, the war continued until white supremacists regained full political control of the South in 1877. You could even say that, in the long run, the former Confederates won the Civil War. 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World War II Was A Drastic War - 1503 Words

World War II was a drastic war fought from 1939 to 1945 that affected society in many ways. Adolf Hitler’s attempts to take over the world by starting to attack neighboring countries triggered the start of this massive world war. Adolf Hitler became leader of Germany and this resulted in the country of Germany following the National Socialist Party or more commonly known as the Nazi Party. This party led the entire country to believe in many inhumane things that would go against the standards of humanity set forth by the public currently. The main idea that the Nazi party taught Germans of all ages is to treat Jewish people poorly. The Nazi party not only taught the adults that jews are unequal to all other citizens but they also taught the children living in the country. As a result of these views, the Germans closed and vandalised all businesses owned by jewish men, imprisoned jews, held many jews in concentration camps often being killed in gas chambers and mass murdering these jews. This situation in Germany is the main cause for all the conflicts within the book, â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pajamas†. John Boyne made this book take place during the World War II era. The protagonist in the story is a nine year old boy named Bruno who is the son of a very important figure in the German Military. Bruno’s father s role in society is also a contributing factor in many of the conflicts that occur in the novel. The three main conflicts John Boyne writes about in â€Å"The Boy in theShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Women at Home in Ww1 and Ww21249 Words   |  5 Pagesrole of women at home during World War I and World War II. 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Andrew Jacksons Presidency Essay - 524 Words

Andrew Jackson was like no other president before him. The previous presidents had one thing in common, they were all part of the founding fathers or in John Quincy Adam’s case was the son of a founding father. However Jackson was a plantation owner from the west who had no connections with the government. He also had different views from other presidents that made his presidency unique. Two things that separated Andrew Jackson’s presidency from previous presidencies were he reached out to the common people and he was disapproving of the Bank of United States. One of the ways Andrew Jackson was different than the previous presidents was he connected with the common people. During his second election Jackson won by speaking to the middle-†¦show more content†¦Unlike the 1824 election Jackson won his presidency by the people’s voted and not the votes of the government. Even after he won the election he started the spoil system, where he threw out former appointees and replaced them with his friends. He also gave jobs to the Jacksonians, average citizens who were loyal to him. The Jacksonians became his primary advisors and earned their name, the â€Å"kitchen cabinet† because they would come into the White House through the kitchen. Jackson’s election brought a new style to campaigning. Another reason why Andrew Jackson’s presidency was different was because of his attack on the Bank of the United States. In 1832, Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the bank. Jackson believed the bank had an unfair advantage over the other banks. The national bank would get all the federal tax revenues instead of the state or private banks. Also the bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle would extend loans to the men in the congress at lower rates of interest than he would do to regular people. Because Jackson thought the bank was unjust he took away its federal charter and the bank became a state bank. Jackson appointed a secretary of treasury after his reelection in 1832. The secretary of treasury placed all government funds in certain state banks, otherwise known as the pet banks. The national bank became the Philadelphia bank for a while until it went out of business. To conclude Andrew Jackson’s presidency wasShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing Andrew Jacksons Pol icies and Presidency659 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Andrew Jacksons Policies and Presidency Andrew Jackson was the seventh president, serving from 1829-1837. Nicknamed Old Hickory, he left an indelible imprint on the nation that extends beyond his face adorning the twenty dollar bill. Jackson split the preexisting Republican Party into the Whig and Democratic Parties, establishing the dual-party structure that exists today. 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Cafe Latte free essay sample

The business was formed as a limited partnership between three siblings and a friend, Cynthia, Stuart, and Rob Chan, along with Jeff Burns, respectively. The Chans are somewhat knowledgeable about running a business since their parents have operated a restaurant for years, and Stuart Chan continues to manage the restaurant. The three siblings are the principals in the business, while Jeff Burns is primarily a partner for financial purposes only. Cynthia, having the most free time, has spent the most time working on the business opening. Stuart has procured the equipment for the bar, with Rob’s help. Stuart has become angry at Cynthia for not spending enough time in preparations, and feels that she and Rob are not doing their fair share of work. Stuart wants to buy out Cynthia’s share, but later just apologizes for his outburst. In order to avoid further conflicts, a work schedule was devised that permits Cynthia and Stuart to work schedules that do not overlap, and Rob will manage the operation. We will write a custom essay sample on Cafe Latte or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Introduction This case study is following the decision case model. Case studies are and important part of the study of organizational behavior. We can dissect the various components of attitudes, behaviors, consequences, etc. , using a fictional setting and cast of characters. We can subsequently collaborate to develop objective assessments of the situation presented, and model possible decisions that we might make as managers. In the case of the Cafe Latte case study, we are provided with one decision possibility but we are also free to propose alternative decisions, along with the rationale. Stuart has some qualities of a team leader (commitment, hardworking etc), but lacks some important ones. He failed to appreciate others contributions and failed to do psychological empowerment. Also as a leader he was not distributing the roles and responsibilities evenly. Unfortunately, he was getting more work from two jobs he was handling. Instead of motivating others he was making negative remarks frequently. There could be some ego problems and sibling rivalry too. Cynthia was unhappy at the end, but she was not ready or courageous to talk to Stuart about the problems. Instead she wrote a list and handed-over that to Stuart. Stuart was intelligent enough to understand the situation and the consequences. But he has some false pride and he was not even ready give a direct apology to Cynthia. It took him two days to write an apology. Also he has to leave the apology in Cynthias car, which made its less personal and sincere. The problems are listed in detail below: 1. There is an overall lack of communication in this business and family. 2. Lack of transparency within the organization and lack of goals for metrics when the business opens. 3. No delineation of responsibilities between the siblings. 4. Basic problem is the inter-personal relationships, lack of proper communication, and improper distribution of work. We see that Stuart and Cynthia are making assumptions about others’ actions and contribution. They are not analyzing or evaluating the situation properly. There was no proper channel for unbiased flow of information. With each partner holding an equal share in the business, no one has emerged as a manager to lead the others. 5. We see that Stuart is over-worked with two jobs and he is not getting any appreciation for his hard work. At the same time, Stuart thinks that Cynthia and Rob are not working hard. This makes Stuart unhappy. 6. Stuart has some qualities of a team leader, but lacks some important qualities as well. He fails to appreciate others contributions and fails to do psychological empowerment. Also as a leader he is not distributing the roles and responsibilities evenly. Unfortunately, he is getting more work. Instead of motivating others or suggesting solutions to problems, he instead chose to make frequent negative remarks that served only to inflame the other partners. 7. Stuart does not incur any consequences for his immature behavior. . Stuart’s ego may be getting in the way of an amicable resolution. 9. Sibling rivalry between the Chans. Decision –Additional Options The conflict in the workplace is quite normal with different kind of personalities, cultures and life experiences. However, conflict is not necessarily a bad thing. It will become a major problem if the conflicts are not resolved effectively. According to OB, conflicts can be resolved by increased understanding, group cohesion and improved self-knowledge. Open discussion is needed to resolve conflict and increase the awareness of the situation. This will bring some insight into how they can achieve the common goals. Team members will have strong mutual respect and faith in their ability to work together once the conflict is resolved amicably. One important thing to resolve the conflicts is to do self evaluation. Everyone should examine their goals, strength and weakness, tasks, actions in close and enhance the positive aspects or behavior. †¢ Someone should initiate a mediation talk to resolve the conflicts between Cynthia and Stuart. Since Cynthia and Stuart are upset and emotionally distressed, a third party should initiate the talk. The best people in the picture to initiate this are Rob and Jeff. Rob and Jeff should initiate a serious of talks to understand the problems of Stuart and Cynthia and look for an amicable solution. While Jeff is a financial partner only, the trouble brewing among the Chan siblings could place his financial stake in the company at risk. †¢ But when Cynthia received the apology, she should have contacted Stuart directly and initiated the conflict resolution and mediation process. Behavior Assessment In both cases, they should list out the problems and possible solutions to achieve their common goal. A good understanding and working relationship among the team members should be the most important goal for the success of their new venture. John Holland’s Typology of Personality and Congruent Occupations provides a model that attempts to match job requirements with personality. In his hexagon diagram, the theory is that the closer two personality types are to each other, the more compatible they are. In addition, the model categorizes personality types into six categories, lists the personality characteristics, and then suggests the most congruent occupations for the various personality types. Holland classifies enterprising personality types as having self-confidence and ambition, and suggests congruency with small business manager occupations. Cynthia demonstrated her high energy and entrepreneurial tendencies when she devoted all of her free time to the tasks leading up to the opening of Cafe Latte. According to Holland, she then might be the right personality type to manage the business. Stuart Chan, however, already manages the family restaurant, but if we assess his personality using Holland’s model, he perhaps would be a conventional personality type, which prefers rules, and orderly, unambiguous activities.

Lyndon Baines Johnson free essay sample

A paper on the life history of Lyndon Baines Johnson. In this research paper on LBJ, the author tries to show how LBJs early life in public office would eventually affect his decisions as Senate Majority leader, Vice President, and President. The author shows that many of the policies set in place by Johnson proved to be groundbreaking legislation, but that his involvement in Vietnam would, in the end, be his downfall. Lyndon Baines Johnson was the embodiment of American ideals. He served his country as a representative, a senator, a vice-president, and then, finally, as President of the United States. President Johnson was able to accomplish great things during his years in Washington, and as one expert stated, the American political system, under the leadership of a man who knew what made it tick, was able to work efficiently and productively to an extent not seen since and not often before. We will write a custom essay sample on Lyndon Baines Johnson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 Through all of his years as a public servant, LBJ never lost sight of the American people and their problems. He sought to make life better for the working class citizen through each bill he signed and each program that he founded.