Edgar Allan Poe and Gothic Literature Essay Example

Edgar Allan Poe and Gothic Literature Paper Forever tempting to discover the chaotic and limitless dark corners of our lives, the gothic genre came to life in the 18th century to personify this primal desire that eccentric composers craved to explore. For centuries, audiences have been captured with the confronting themes, supernatural suspense and otherworldliness that gothic texts offer. Edgar Allan Poe and Tim Burton are two passionate and dominant composers of the genre whose works remain today as eternal motivators for its continuance. Poe’s poem â€Å"The Raven† and Burton’s short film â€Å"Vincent provide an example to the driving forces of the gothic genre; terror-filled atmospheres, conformity vs individuality and escapism. Edgar Allan Poe is perhaps one of the most sacredly regarded writers of the gothic genre. Poe showed interest into the psyche of man and its effects within terror-filled atmospheres. As such, Poe’s graphic, grim and grotesque conventions amounted to his belief that â€Å"A short story must have a single mood, and every sentence must build towards it†. â€Å"The Raven† is a spectacle to Poe’s distinctive writing style as he successfully projects an intimate effect through his heightened atmospheres and supernatural symbols. Poe achieves this through ensuring that his characters are absent of traditional gothic melodrama, and removes much of their dialogue to create scenes where the reader can insert themselves for the inevitable envelopment of suspense and paralysis of terror. By creating rational thinking characters, Poe can also play with how well the human psyche responds to fear-inducing situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allan Poe and Gothic Literature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allan Poe and Gothic Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allan Poe and Gothic Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Conversely, in the original traditional gothic works, the element of atmosphere was largely supported by use of gothic set. Poe however demonstrates little use of set description, only as a contrast the protagonist’s internal torment – a calm enclosed chamber vs a tempest storm outside and relies on his atmosphere to be stimulated through str

George W Bush essays

George W Bush essays In this brief essay about Governor Bush, I will be talking about my standings on regarding his issues. I think Bush is making a great decision to reduce or completely stop abortion. Abortion is just like taking someone else's life. It is just as if someone was to go outside and shoot someone and go on with his or her life like nothing happened. In a way it is basically murder. What I dont get is why he won't force litmus paper test yet he wants to reduce the rate of abortions. I think he has the right idea in mind, but is just a little confused with what he wants to accomplish when he becomes president. Governor Bush believes that the best way to protect the innocent is to fully enforce the law and to ensure swift and sure punishment for criminals. I am fully for Bush's tough crime policies. As a result of his tough policies, violent crime in Texas is down 20 percent and violent juvenile crime is down 44 percent. I think that the best step Bush took, was in signing the legislation providing comprehensive juvenile justice reform, tougher sex offender laws, longer sentences for violent repeat offenders, and zero tolerance for drunk driving. That should have a huge effect in the polls, for Bush's part. Also if the violent crime rate dropped when Bush was governor for Texas, what's no to say that it may drop for the whole U.S. if he is elected for president? Governor Bush believes that all Americans should have the opportunity to learn and develop skills, should be able to work, choose where to live, and participate in community life no matter what type of disability they have. That is very high spoken of Bush because not all disabled Americans have that privilege and for him to propose to fix it is really great of him. Although progress has been made over the last two decades Governor Bush believes that much more needs to be done. I think that Governor Bush's a $1.025 billion over 5 years proposal is great. He wants to use t...

Jane Addams and the Hull House Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Jane Addams and the Hull House - Term Paper Example As a small child, Jane wanted to be a doctor but there were only two fields that were acceptable at the time for women: getting married and having children or becoming a schoolteacher. When Jane was eight, her father re-married. Her stepmother had a big influence on the Addam's girls in the area of arts. Jane received a lot of attention from her father and because of this she realized that her potential as a woman was not as limited as she thought. She entered into the Rockville Female Seminary in 1877. She was very popular among her classmates because of her ability to write and speak.1 Soon after she graduated, she became ill and depressed, but wasn't sure how to deal with it. In 1881, her father suddenly became ill and died. She enrolled in medical school, but after the first semester, she became ill again and was put in the hospital for an extended period of time. Her brother also took a turn for the worse and had a mental breakdown, which in turn was an emotional setback for her . After Jane and her friend, Ellen Gates Starr opened the Hull House; they started to realize how bad conditions were in Chicago. They would take care of children so mothers could work; children were made to work long hours, and many other things that opened their eyes. Because of how many people they helped, Addams went around to many different women's clubs, church groups, and college students to talk about settlement houses, social reform and the ways that these people could help Chicago and the nation.2 Addams gave up a lot, considering her background; to live in the slums of Chicago and to help people the way she did was amazing. During the 1890's, settlement houses became more and more popular.3 She was a leader in this movement because of her writings and her lectures. Addams became more involved in national concerns. The US was declaring war on Spain and because of that, violent crime rates went up in Chicago. Because of her works, her protests eventually reached Charles R. Crane, a close friend of President Woodrow Wilson. These are meant to try to help people get back on their feet. These houses provide a way for parents to get jobs and not have to worry bout their kids. Once they get a steady job and keep it, then they can try to work and take care of their kids. One example of this concept would be a foster home. A foster home takes kids into the home for as long as is needed. Sometimes the kids go to another home and sometimes they stay and are adopted. After Jane and her friend, Ellen Gates Starr opened the Hull House, they started to realize how bad conditions were in Chicago. They would take care of children so mothers could work; children were made to work long hours, and many other things that opened their eyes. Because of how many people they helped, Addams went around to many different women's clubs, church groups, and college students to talk about settlement houses, social reform and the ways that these people could help Chicago and the n ation.4 Addams gave up a lot, considering her background; to live in the slums of Chicago and to help people the way she did was amazing. During the 1890's, settlement houses became more and more popular. She was a leader in this movement because of her writings and her lectures. 5 Addams became mor

Legal Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legal Skills - Essay Example In the United States alone, they take up 24% of the total number of attorneys. This volume continues to grow especially with the fact that the current number of women law students today is 40% of total. Furthermore, it is forecasted that by 2010, 40% of the legal profession will be made up of women1,2. Despite these fact however, it is regrettable to note that some sectors in society remain reluctant in accepting the legitimacy of women as barristers and solicitors and their eventual appointment to judicial office. No less than the media is participatory in such discriminatory actions towards women. This is evident in many of the articles written about women in the legal profession such as â€Å"Justice Wears a Skirt† and that which talked about the law being â€Å"feminized†.3 This paper will be focusing on the women in law profession and their role as barristers and solicitors. It will make mention of several of the most famous of them and how they got to where they a re. II. The Role of Solicitors and Barristers Solicitors refer to lawyers who have complied with the educational demands and other prerequisites of the Law Society and have worked for two years under the supervision of a practicing solicitor. They have restricted authorization to plead before a court but in general, do not. Solicitors act as professional middlepersons between clients and barristers. They spend majority of their time in the office to plan strategies for the case and to write comprehensive guidelines for the barristers to follow. Barristers, on the other hand, are the legal experts who actually appear in court, and present the case compliant with the guidelines provided by the solicitors. Unlike solicitors, they do not interact with the clients; rather, they function as highly-trained and well-experienced specialists in legal procedure and points of law. Unlike solicitors also, they have direct access to court. However, the restriction on the right of solicitors to ap pear before the court has been removed by the Court and Legal Services Act. Also, the clients are given more direct access to barristers who have complied with the Bar Council prerequisites and have informed the council that they plan on doing direct access work. III. Statistics on Women Solicitors and Barristers Women make up 24% of the lawyers of the country. This amount is almost twice higher since 1985, when the percentage was just 13%, and higher by eight times than in 1971, when the percentage was just 3%. The place of women in the legal profession continues to rise. Women comprise 44% of all law students. However, despite making up over 50% of the population, the present projections indicate that the percentage of women in the profession will never reach 50%. Women are instituting themselves as leaders in the legal profession. By 1997, women made up 32% of the ABA Board of Governors, 22% of the members of the American Bar Association House of Delegates, 20% of state civil jud ges, 19% of federal judges, 8% of deans of law school, 19% of law school professors, and 14% of law firm partners4. Since the early part of the 1970s, the portion of female law students has increased by over four times, from 9.4% in 1972/1973 to 44% in 1996/19975. In response to reports by members of the faculty and female law students in law schools regarding gender discrimination, a sequence of hearings were carried out in 1994 and 1995 by the ABA Commission on Women in the Profession for the purpose of

Effect of Globalisation on Spatial Patterns of Economy

Effect of Globalisation on Spatial Patterns of Economy Globalisation and the spatial structure of the economy: Critically discuss how changes related with globalisation can affect cities and the spatial patterns of economic activities? Globalisation has become one of the key concepts in the social sciences at the turn of the twentieth century. A term that has come to be used globally which relates to the processes of social relations acquiring relatively distance-less and borderless qualities that place can be argued as a homogenous landscape (Scholte, 1997). However as Julius (1997) finds there is confusion about globalisation continuing within the disagreement over whether it is â€Å"a process or an end-state†. Globalisation can be seen as the world-wide interconnectedness between nation-states. In which social arrangements such as power, culture, politics and norms become intangible from their spatial context due to the acceleration, diffusion and expansion of transnational flows of people, goods, finances and information (Berkens, 2004).Globalisation can be seen as essentially a process driven by economic forces, having profound effects on cities and the economy (Sideri, 1997). Globalisation can be argued as a more recent expansion of the previous emerging relationship between urbanisation, industrialisation and economic development which initially began in Western Europe in the late fourteenth century; associated with the development of European wide trade links (McCann, 2013). However the concept can date as far back to Colonialism and the colonial power of Europe. The first era beginning with the arrival of Christopher Columbus in America (1492) combined with the expansion of the Spanish and Portuguese empires (Friedman, 2007). This westward colonial expansion of Spain to America after 1492 proceeded the sixteenth century with the transatlantic trade links; the first economic global expansion for European countries, the development of overseas empires in non-adjacent regions (McCann, 2013). This concept enabled globalisation to be defined as an economic structure whilst being a political phenomenon, shaped by negotiations and interactions between institu tions of transnational capital and nation states (Guttal, 2007). Dating Globalisation back to the colonisation of Asia, Africa and America alongside the search for new markets and sources of wealth fanned by the industrial revolution; resulted in the production of international commodity markets and mercantilist trade (Guttal, 2007). By 1800 Britain was argued as most industrialised country in the world due the enhancement of the industrial revolution. London was seen as the second largest city in the world and some 57% larger than Western Europe’s second largest city (McCann, 2013). Due to the establishment of colonies and industrial trade links since the Second World War much of the world has become more interlinked through innovations and advances within transportation, communication and information technology (Guttal, 2007). During the 1980’s the development of engineering techniques and technologies facilitated the reduction in skilled labour and movement towards machinery within batch production. Variety and availability being the main drivers of these advancements resulted in an alteration of the economy; a reduction of jobs and movement of manufacturing out of the city to suburb locations (Duffy, 1995). Furthermore labour intensive sectors located in innermost locations such as clothing and tobacco have been outsourced overseas to cheaper labour intensive factories in order to maximise profit. The new jobs created will need white collar workers and will require meeting the need of the consumer, so location needs to optimise their competitive advantage (Duffy, 1995). By the latter of the twentieth century there was an unprecedented increase in economic capacities, power and reach of private corporations which many were operating transnational. New York was seen as the principal city whilst all cities had become the economic engines increasing in size and increasingly interlinked (McCann, 2013). Globalisation has been as a result of modernisation and capitalist expansion, engaging the incorporation of all economic movement into a â€Å"global† homogenous market place. Materialisation of this integration is due to the collapse of nation barriers to external trade and finance centres, deregulation of the economy, expert driven economic growth and the facilitation of free market capitalism (Guttal, 2007). The modern structure of regions has enabled regional organisations to combine highly contrasting elements of zones of abandonment, with areas of primary resources whilst comparing and contrasting the reurban/suburban areas to the outlook of the urban zones (Claval, 1998). In the past decade the notion of globalisation yielded numerous pieces of literature and has led to widespread debates over the explanation. Various disciplines have deliberated the subject area merely concluding that the concept involves change whilst new arrangements are emerging that differs from those in previous times (Berkens, 2004). This notion of change has altered cities and economies spatially. Globalisation has led to the homogenisation of consumer tastes, the amalgamation and expansion of corporate power, increases in wealth and poverty, the â€Å"McDonalisation† of food and culture and the growing of democratic ideas (Guttal, 2007). All of which have caused the outsourcing of production overseas. Trans National corporations (TNCs) today are seen as the main drivers of globalisation; they are the primary beneficiaries of international trade and the most powerful promoter of liberalisation, deregulation and privatisation of production. TNCs are global interconnected businesses which segment the manufacturing process, due to collapse of trade barriers and global regulations (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). This outsourcing multiple partial operation approach of production combined with the development of cheap transportation and communication networks has allowed an increasing division of production globally. This spatial dispersion of economic activity (Sassen, 2001) has allowed for TNC’s to outsource manufacturing to subtracting independents many of which are located within South East Asia and Mexico. This outsourcing approach allows for companies to meet the demand of the consumer induced population whilst maintaining profits and cheap transportation and communication costs (Claval, 1998). This reorganisation of production overseas resulted in the expansion of international trade and the integration of financial markets. The expansion and spatial dispersion of economic activity has brought about capital mobility. This reorganisation of the financial industry has been typified by the sharp growth production of innovation and multiplication of financial firms whilst shifting the industry away from American transnational banks to major hubs of finance. The integration of markets being a defining characteristic of globalisation (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004) has enabled the integration of local markets into regional trading systems which obtain continental links as a result of the overseas journey of innovation. This spatial change of economic activity from the movement of jobs from highly developed areas to less developed low wage locations has enabled capital mobility. This is not only comprised spatially but through the technologies that provide capital mobility and by maintenance of the decentralised global production system (Sassen, 1988). This increased mobility of capital has altered the geographic or ganisation of production and the network of financial markets whilst reorganising the employment structure. Financial markets goods, services or labour are all moving towards social integration. This change has meant no individual national capital market can have a sustainable independent existence. Regional economic integration is becoming increasingly efficient in integrating goods and services whereas labour markets are functionally separate at national level and integration being resisted by national governments (Buckley et al, 2001). Due to this the largest multi-national enterprises can exploit these differences within the markets to maximise profits (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). The increase in volume of financial industries (Sassen, 2001) has given major cities a key role in the management and control of such global network. The importance of centralisation has enabled cities like New York, London and Tokyo to become centres of finance and global servicing. All have contributed to the increase of centralised services for management and regulation of the economy accelerating transactions globally (Sassen, 2001). This increased shift of economic activity to finance and highly specialised zones has altered management within companies from an activity focussed on production to one that is financially focussed. The involvements of the complexity of transactions lead to the array of specialised services leading to the high densities and agglomeration economies. This continuous building of high rise office complexes accelerates land price triggering a competition for land. This process of agglomeration represents a phase in the formation and expansion of an industrial complex controlled by command functions and finance; whilst referring to benefits that accumulate when firms locate in â€Å"propinquity† to one another (Bingham Mier, 1993). Alfred Marshall a leading economist observed that firms often continued to cluster successfully in the same locations because of knowledge â€Å"spillovers†, local and non-traded inputs and a local skilled labour pool (McCann, 2013). Marshalls’ model looks at how individuals acquire skills by interacting with one another with denser areas increasing in rate; with the strength of the economy rising there is a higher mean and variance of skills (Glaeser, 1999). The integration of local and national economies into an agglomeration whilst unchanged by protectionism allow for economic grow th. Wealth will be created and shared with more people to enjoy the benefits of modernisation, technological advancements and society. However critics may argue that globalisation has resulted in the clustering of the affluent and educated class whilst fracturing working classes and marginalising the poor who may not have the skills and economic asset to gain from an open market approach (Guttal, 2007). The agglomeration approach gives sense to global cities; bases of spatial organisation and communication of production and markets (Duffy, 1995). On a smaller scale â€Å"second cities† such as Birmingham have consolidated position as the source of services for businesses. The process allows similar or like economies and industries to cluster together in order to raise price, competition and consumers to raise their economic profile. Allowing benefits from reduced transport and negotiating costs, pool of labour and the sharing of speciality machinery (Bingham Mier, 1993). This competition for inner city location can be monitored by the Bid Rent model by Alonso, 1964 (McCann, 2013). However once a centre of agglomeration has occurred it becomes difficult for institutions to locate outside of the area due to the profound benefits and links that have evolved, however FDI may offer a solution. Within the recent global economy the emphasis of new investment and transactions is centred by Foreign Direct Investment (FDI); the allowance to inquire a firm in a foreign country (Sassen, 2000). In recent years the internationalisation of production to developing economies has been the main focus. Throughout the 1990’s developing countries had a lower investment flow than developed countries; it was still observed as high in historic terms, hence reflecting the growing internationalisation of economic activity (Sassen, 2000). Expansion of economic growth driven by the outsourcing and investment of primarily manufacturing has enabled areas such as China to grow and become a global economic driver. The urban economic agglomeration which occurs throughout China has enabled itself to be an economic superpower (Chow, 2002). The rise of China has enabled a manufacturing, production and service base for a labour intensive industry. The optimum location can thrive off a growing economy with the ability to absorb raw materials whilst having in exhaustible cheap labour for production and a growing internal market. Since 2003, China has been the main location of Asian exports and served as the primary incentive of growth within the world’s economy over the past decade (Guttal, 2007). The more recent approach of The Asian Tiger economies has led to the independence of Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea. By the twenty-first century all four nations had seen advancements towards high income economies, specialising in aspects of competition. This enhancement altered their global economic structure; changing from traditional, agriculturally based societies to rapidly growing NIC’s with economic centres (Davies and Gonzalez, 2003). An expansion of these economies led to the snowball effect of â€Å"second-tier† East Asian developing economies; the emergence of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. With the resurgence of Asia being the most significant global shift; becoming economic focuses within the spatial economy (Dicken, 2007). The agglomeration of local goods and services enables the â€Å"death of distance† (Cairncross, 1997), the reduction of friction of services between goods and individuals. This Global process does not solely just affect economic activities it affects the social and population structure of a city. Due to the diversification of cultures and norms across globalisation, population groups can agglomerate together. The creative class brings innovative new ideas to create change (Clifton, 2008). This innovation of clustering has enabled creative connectivity and the ability of creative individuals to push forwards to the frontiers of research within MNE’s. This area of potential allows the integration of individuals (Antonelli, 2000). It has been noted by academics that population loss within a city can occur due to globalisation; largest decrease in inner city areas (Duffy, 1995). Housing and workplaces were cleared in replace of lower income density housing and public amenities. However the opposite occurred in other locations known as counter-urbanisation. Within the core of the city homes and amenities where produced to attract the middle class back into the city, with the attempt of inner city redevelopment. Thus as a result of globalisation a snowball effect happened with the migration of the population which in turn led to redevelopment of the inner city. As Duffy (1995) states a city shall strive higher if there is a mix of population and norms as opposed to a uniform homogenous landscape. Whilst Glaeser identifies that high skilled and high income workers migrate back to city centres as a result of re-urbanisation as part of the consumer city hypothesis (McCann, 2013). Nonetheless there are challenges in which affect regions, whilst large markets offer investors great liquidity and competitive prices of stocks and greater security. Agglomerations of economic power in major metropolitan regions cause the peripheral areas of regions to be plundered for their raw materials and inexpensive unskilled labour intensive rolls. This economic clustering causes greater income inequalities whilst destroying the linkages of local communities and the homogenisation culture of western values (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). However Rugman (2000) found that it is hard to address these issues because they hit directly at the logistics of a capitalist approach. For example due to the dynamics of the market system old jobs are destroyed whilst new jobs are being created and as the process escalates jobs become ever more insecure (Burchell et al, 2005). In conclusion the outsourcing and global expansion approach offers profound effects on cities and economic activities. Cities which were once industrialising hubs have lost the capital from old industrial centres and have transformed into the inflow of capital into NIC’s and TNC’s (Sassen, 2001). Globalisation has allowed for the development of physical and technological infrastructure enabling global linkages and the share of economic activity through the internet being the backbone of society (Castell, 2001). The interconnectedness of cultures and norms through the realms of trade offers endless benefits and negatives throughout spatial economies and cities. Development of economies can be modelled using regional econometric models which look at economic linkages that exist within and between regions worldwide. The model can predict that an increase in regional wage can have a long term effect on the population balance through in-migration; occurring whenever the regi onal wage rises relative to the national wage (Armstrong Taylor, 2000). Models allow prediction of the affects globalisation has spatially allowing analysis and discussion. Reference List Antonelli, C. (2000) Restructuring and innovation in long-term regional change, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.373-394. Armstrong, H. and Taylor, J. (2000) Regional Economics and Policy, 3rd Ed. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 437. Berkens, H.J.J.G. (2004) Global Opportunities and Institutional Embeddedness, UNITISK, Czech Republic Bingham, R.D. and Mier, R. (1993) theories of local economic development: perspecvtives across the discipline, SAGE publications, California, 319 Buckley, P.J., Clegg, J., Forsans, N. and Reilly, K.T. (2001) Increasing the size of the ‘country: regional economic integration and foreign direct investment in a globalised world economy’, Management International Review, vol.41, issue 3, pp. 251-274. Buckley, P.J. and Ghauri, P.N. (2004) Globalisation, Economic Geography and the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 81-98 Burchell, B., Ladipo, D. and Wilkinson, F. (2005) Job Insecurity and Work Intensification, Routledge, London New York, pp.240 Cairncross, F. (1997) The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution will change our lives, Harvard Business School Press, Boston Chow, C.G (2002) Chinas economic transformation, Blackwell, Oxford Claval, P. (1998) An Introduction to Regional Geography, Blackwell Publisher, pp.299 Clifton, N. (2008) The â€Å"Creative Class† In the UK: An initial Analysis, Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, vol. 90, issue1, pp.63–82. Davies, J.C. and Gonzalez, J.G. (2003) Scholarly Journal Articles about the Asian Tiger Economies: Authors, Journals and Research Fields, 1986-2001, Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, vol.17, issue 2, pp.51-61. Dicken, P. (2007) Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy, 5th Ed. SAGE publications ltd, London pp.599 Duffy, H. (1995) Competitive Global cities: Succeeding in the Global Economy, Chapman Hall, London, 195. Freidman, T, L. (2007) The world is flat: A brief history of the Twentieth Century, (3rd Ed.), Picador, New York Glaeser, E.L. (1999) Learning in Cities, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.46, issue 2, pp. 254-277. Guttal, S. (2007) Globalisation. Development in practice, vol.17, no.4/5, pp.523-531 Julius, D. (1997) Globalisation and Stakeholder Conflicts: A Corporate Perspective, International Affairs, vol. 73, no.3, pp. 453-468 Scholte, J.A. (1997) Global Capitalism and the state, International affairs, vol. 73, no.3, pp.427-452 Sassen, S. (1988) The mobility of labour and capital: A study in international investment and labour flow. London: Cambridge university press Sassen, S. (2000) Cities in a world economy 2nd Ed. Pine forge Press, California, 182. Sassen, S. (2001) The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, 2nd ed, Princeton University Press, pp.447. Sideri, S. (1997) Globalisation and regional integration, European Journal of Development Research, vol 9, issue 1, pp. 38-81. NEED McCann 2013 Rugman 2000 Castell 2001 Page 1 of 11

Trumans Decision to use the atomic mom Essay -- American History, War

Truman’s decision to use atomic weapons has long been a controversial subject throughout the decades after he used it. Many scholars and people who surrounded the president at the time published memoirs and books about the decision to use the weapon. As years went, more works of writing and information were released which added more information to the vast knowledge we have of the decision to drop the bomb and of what the Japanese faced after the event took place. J. Samuel Walker wrote a book called Prompt & utter destruction which uses new knowledge gained about the bomb and new information the Japanese released, which Walker said, â€Å"has greatly enriched our understanding of the agonizing deliberations in Tokyo over ending the war† (ix).Walker did not take any sides in the book, however, he uses what material from the first book and new sources of information to evaluate why President Truman made his decision. The main focus of Walker’s book is to answer w hy President Truman used atomic bombs against Japan and open more discussion to the question â€Å"was the bomb militarily necessary or was it used primarily for political/diplomatic reasons that had more to do with impressing the Soviets than winning the war against Japan?† (xii), which Walker said the question â€Å"divided specialists† (xii). Throughout Walker’s book, he focuses on President Truman’s choice of using the atomic bomb on Japan, Truman’s advisers who were General George C. Marshall and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson agreed that the bomb was necessary. President Truman believed that the bomb was necessary to spare â€Å"the lives of hundreds of thousands of American soldiers† (4). The book points out that Truman never had a â€Å"categorical choice† (5) when choosing to use the... ...e forever by the bomb. On the Japanese side they did decline the Potsdam Declaration. Truman gave the Japanese the choice to accept but the declaration. I admired the United States for giving warning. Walker did give some history of post-WWII, but I am particularly interested in the environmental effect of Hiroshima and how did Japan rebuild after the bomb. I think he lacked in this department when he wrote the book. My final say is the first bomb was necessary and I thought being in American hands was the best thing at the time to have. I think the second bomb was unnecessary and I also blame the Americans for not giving ample of time for the Japanese to surrender. The Japanese did downplay the destruction of the bomb and I think this was a flaw. Lastly I thought the book should have had more on post war and onwards of the effects on both sides.

Osmosis

The purpose of this experiment was to test different solute concentrations on the rate of osmosis. Artificial cells were filled with different solute concentrations and placed in water and weighed at equal time intervals to show how the water moves across cell membranes and down its concentration gradient into the lower concentrated area. The weights of the cells were recorded each interval, and then the rate of osmosis was found by calculating the corrected cumulative change in weight.The prediction made was that the cells with the higher solute concentrations ould have a higher rate of osmosis and the cell filled with water and placed in 40% sucrose solution would have the highest negative weight change. Introduction The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. A selectively permeable membrane allows certain substances to cross it more easily than others (Reece, et al. 2011). Osmosis is an important process to cells because the cells are co ntinuously trying to achieve concentration equilibrium.The tonicity of a solution is the ability to cause a cell to gain or lose water molecules (Reece, et al. 2011). If a cell is in an isotonic solution, the cell does not gain or lose any water molecules, causing the net gain of weight to be zero. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there is a higher solute concentration in the cell, making water molecules move into the cell to help reach equilibrium. This causes the cell to gain weight. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, there is a higher solute concentration outside the cell, making water molecules leave the cell to attain equilibrium. This causes the cell to lose weight.Other factors, like the temperature, the particle size and the concentration gradient affect the rate of osmosis. An increased temperature can increase the rate of osmosis and osmotic pressure (Traxler 1928). Also, the particle size determines what can pass through the selectively permeable me mbrane; the channels imbedded in the membrane can only accommodate certain molecules based on size and function. Finally, the concentration gradient affects the rate of osmosis because the rate depends on how high the concentration of the solute is; the higher the concentration, the faster water moves to that concentrated area.Materials and Methods The materials needed for this experiment are: five strips of Spectra/Por 4 dialysis ubing with a pore size of 4. 8 angstroms, ten clamps, five beakers labeled 1 through 5, a graduated cylinder, and 20%, 40%, and 60% sucrose solutions. The experiment begins by softening up the dialysis tubes by soaking them in a beaker of water. When softened, rub the dialysis tubes between your fingers to reveal the opening and clamp the opposite end. Add 10 mL of the appropriate solution to each bag, squeezing the air out of the tube to make sure there are no air bubbles when clamping the other end of the tube.Three of these bags will be filled with 20%, 40% and 60% sucrose solutions. The other two will contain water. Weigh each bag on a appropriate solution, Just enough to cover the bag; four will have water and the fifth beaker will hold 40% sucrose. The bags containing 20%, 40% and 60% will be placed in water, as well as one bag filled with water; the bag of water in water will act as your control. The other bag of water will be placed in the beaker containing 40% sucrose solution. Place the five bags in their rightful beaker simultaneously and record the time.Every ten minutes the bags should be removed, blotted to get the excess solution off and then weighed. Continue weighing the bags every ten minutes or ninety minutes. To minimize experimental error, the temperature must be the same for all beakers and the bags must be blotted before weighed as much as possible to get the excess solution off. Also, the same amount of solution should be put into each beaker. Results The increase in the rate of osmosis is due to the different concentrations of sucrose, as shown in Figure One.This figure shows the weight change over time for the 20%, 40%, 60% and water in 40% sucrose solution. The results of the total weight change were: 20% sucrose in water= 5. 47 g 40% sucrose in water= 7. 31 g 60% sucrose in water= 7. 8 g Water in 40% sucrose= -4. 08 g The points plotted were used to calculate the rate of osmosis by finding the slope of the best fit line of each test. The results for the rates of osmosis were: 20% sucrose in water= . 0551 g/min 40% sucrose in water= . 0728 g/min 60% sucrose in water= . 0811 g/min water in 40% sucrose= -. 68 g/min The slopes have an increasing pattern as the sucrose concentration goes up. This means that the rate increases as the sucrose concentration increases. The corrected cumulative change in weight relates to the osmotic rate because it is divided by the time. The direction affects the rate because, if the direction of osmosis changes the rate becomes negative. Discussion The resu lts show that the solute concentration of the solution affects the rate of osmosis because the larger the concentration gradient, the faster osmosis occurs.This makes sense because the farther the cell is from osmotic equilibrium, it will gain weight faster (McCutcheon 1926). This supported our prediction. The increase in osmotic rate because of an increase in solute concentration is because water moves from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution with high solute oncentration. This means water rushes into a solute of higher concentration faster than a low concentration. This is why the artificial cell with 60% sucrose solution had the highest corrected cumulative change in weight and the fastest osmotic rate.The artificial cell containing water in 40% sucrose solution had a negative osmotic rate because water was leaving the cell and osmosis was occurring in the opposite direction. In this experiment, only one bag of water was placed in 40% sucrose solution. In other e xperiments, adding two more bags of water and placing them in 0% and 60% sucrose solutions could be tested to see if the rate of osmosis is similar performed to show temperature is a factor in osmotic rates by having the same solute concentration in solutions and placing bags filled with water into them, each having a distinct temperature.References McCutcheon M, Lucke B. â€Å"The Kinetics of Osmotic Swelling in Living Cells†. Laboratory of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. 1926. Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB. Campbell Biology. Ninth ed. Pearson Education, Inc. 2011. Traxler RN. â€Å"The Effect of Temperature on Rate of Osmosis†. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1928. 1 . This graph shows the corrected cumulative change in weight taken every ten minutes to study the rate of osmosis. . The data was collected by measuring the weight of each bag after 10 minutes and finding the difference in weight between the s tart of the experiment and each increment of time. 3. The graph shows that the higher in concentration of sucrose, the faster the rate of osmosis occurs meaning that concentration and rate of osmosis are directly related. Also, this graph displays the opposite happening when water was placed into sucrose, but is still directly related.